Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
  1. Home
  2. Books
  3. Customary International Law
  • Cited by 71
Publisher:
Cambridge University Press
Online publication date:
June 2012
Print publication year:
2010
Online ISBN:
9780511804717
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511804717
Subjects:
Public International Law, Law, Politics and International Relations, International Relations and International Organisations, Jurisprudence
Series:
ASIL Studies in International Legal Theory
Information

Book description

Customary international law, although long recognized as a primary source of international law, remains replete with enigmas, both conceptual and practical. These include how to determine the existence of opinio juris, the function of the state practice requirement, the definition of jus cogens customary norms, and the relationship between customary international law and ethics. In part because of these enigmas, the subject has generated a wide-ranging literature. However, no recent book-length work has attempted to articulate a comprehensive theory of customary international law that can effectively resolve these questions. This book sets out to accomplish this goal. Its approach is unique in a number of ways. For example, it is multidisciplinary and draws insights from fields such as legal theory, philosophy, political science, and game theory. In addition, it is anchored in a sophisticated ethical framework and explores at length the interconnections between customary international law and ethics.

Reviews

'Lepard’s aim was to articulate a comprehensive theory of customary international law which resolves the various conceptual and practical enigmas with which it is associated. He is certainly successful in setting out a comprehensive theory of customary international law.'

Natalie Baird Source: New Zealand Yearbook of International Law

Refine List

Actions for selected content:

Select all | Deselect all
  • View selected items
  • Export citations
  • Download PDF (zip)
  • Save to Kindle
  • Save to Dropbox
  • Save to Google Drive

Save Search

You can save your searches here and later view and run them again in "My saved searches".

Please provide a title, maximum of 40 characters.
Cancel
×

Contents

Page 1 of 2

Contents

Page 1 of 2

References
Bibliography
SELECTED TREATIES AND UNITED NATIONS DECLARATIONS
,American Convention on Human Rights (1969 Google Scholar), 1144 U.N.T.S. 123.
,Charter of the United Nations (1945 Google Scholar). (Cited as U.N. Charter.)
,Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (1950 Google Scholar), 213 U.N.T.S. 222. (Cited as European Convention on Human Rights.)
,Convention on the Continental Shelf (1958 Google Scholar), 499 U.N.T.S. 311. (Cited as 1958 Geneva Convention on the Continental Shelf.)
,Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (1948 Google Scholar), 78 U.N.T.S. 277. (Cited as Genocide Convention.)
,Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War (1949 Google Scholar), 75 U.N.T.S. 287. (Cited as Geneva Convention IV.)
Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Intolerance and of Discrimination Based on Religion or Belief, G.A. Res. 36/55 (1981 Google Scholar). (Cited as 1981 Declaration.)
,International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (1966 Google Scholar), 660 U.N.T.S. 195.
,International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966 Google Scholar), 999 U.N.T.S. 171. (Cited as ICCPR.)
,International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1966 Google Scholar), 993 U.N.T.S. 3. (Cited as ICESCR.)
,Proclamation of Teheran. In “Final Act of the International Conference on Human Rights, Teheran, 22 April to 13 May 1968.” U.N. Doc. A/CONF.32/41, 3–5. New York: United Nations, 1968 Google Scholar.
,Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998 Google Scholar), U.N. Doc. A/CONF.183/9* (1998). (Cited as Rome Statute.)
,Statute of the International Court of Justice (1945 Google Scholar). (Cited as I.C.J. Statute.)
,Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests in the Atmosphere, in Outer Space and Under Water (1963 Google Scholar), 480 U.N.T.S. 43. (Cited as Partial Test Ban Treaty.)
,Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (1968 Google Scholar), 729 U.N.T.S. 161. (Cited as Non-Proliferation Treaty.)
,United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (1982 Google Scholar), 1833 U.N.T.S. 3. (Cited as 1982 Convention on the Law of the Sea.)
,United Nations Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, G.A. Res. 1904 Google Scholar (XVIII) (1963).
,United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, G.A. Res. 61/295 (2007 Google Scholar).
,United Nations Millennium Declaration, Res, G.A.. 55/2 (2000 Google Scholar). (Cited as Millennium Declaration.)
,United Nations World Summit Outcome Resolution, G.A. Res. 60/1 (2005 Google Scholar). (Cited as World Summit Outcome Resolution.)
,Universal Declaration of Human Rights, G.A. Res. 217A (III) (1948 Google Scholar). (Cited as Universal Declaration.)
,Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (1969 Google Scholar), 1155 U.N.T.S. 331. (Cited as Vienna Convention.)
,Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action, U.N. Doc. A/CONF.157/23 (1993 Google Scholar). (Cited as Vienna Declaration.)
1899 Google Scholar Hague Convention (II) with Respect to the Laws and Customs of War on Land and Its Annex: Regulations Concerning the Laws and Customs of War on Land. Available at www.icrc.org. (Cited as 1899 Hague Convention II on Land Warfare.)
1907 Hague Convention (IV) Respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land. Reprinted in Documents on the Laws of War, ed. Roberts, Adam and Guelff, Richard, 67–84. 3rd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000 Google Scholar. (Cited as 1907 Hague Convention IV.)
1977 Geneva Protocol I Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and Relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts. Reprinted in Documents on the Laws of War, ed. Roberts, Adam and Guelff, Richard, 419–79. 3rd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000 Google Scholar. (Cited as Geneva Protocol I.)
1977 Geneva Protocol II Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and Relating to the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts. Reprinted in Documents on the Laws of War, ed. Roberts, Adam and Guelff, Richard, 481–512. 3rd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000 Google Scholar. (Cited as Geneva Protocol II.)
SELECTED BOOKS, ARTICLES, AND OTHER DOCUMENTS
Abi-Saab, Georges et al. The Changing Constitution of the United Nations. Edited by Fox, Hazel. London: British Institute of International and Comparative Law, 1997 Google Scholar.
,Advisory Committee of Jurists. Permanent Court of International Justice. Procès-Verbaux of the Proceedings of the Committee, June 16th – July 24th 1920 with Annexes. The Hague: Van Langenhuysen Bros., 1920 Google Scholar.
Akehurst, Michael. “Custom as a Source of International Law.” British Yearbook of International Law 47 (1974 CrossRef | Google Scholar–1975): 1–53.
Akehurst, Michael. “The Hierarchy of the Sources of International Law.” British Yearbook of International Law 47 (1974 CrossRef | Google Scholar–1975): 273–85.
Alvarez, José E.International Organizations as Law-Makers. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005 Google Scholar.
,American Law Institute. Federal Income Tax Project: International Aspects of United States Income Taxation II: Proposals on United States Income Tax Treaties. Philadelphia: The American Law Institute, 1992 Google Scholar. (Cited as American Law Institute, Proposals on U.S. Income Tax Treaties.)
,American Law Institute. Restatement of the Law Third: The American Law Institute: Restatement of the Law: The Foreign Relations Law of the United States. Vols. 1–2. St. Paul: American Law Institute Publishers, 1987 Google Scholar. (Cited as Restatement (Third).)
Anaya, S. James. “Indigenous Peoples and Their Demands within the Modern Human Rights Movement.” In The Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Fifty Years and Beyond, ed. Danieli, Yael, Stamatopoulou, Elsa, and Dias, Clarence J., 149–61. Amityville, N.Y.: Baywood Publishing Co., 1999 Google Scholar.
Anaya, S. James. Indigenous Peoples in International Law. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996 Google Scholar.
An-Na'im, Abdullahi Ahmed. “Introduction: Competing Claims to Religious Freedom and Communal Self-Determination in Africa.” In Proselytization and Communal Self-Determination in Africa, ed. An-Na'im, Abdullahi Ahmed, 1–28. Maryknoll, N.Y.: Orbis Books, 1999 Google Scholar.
An-Na'im, Abdullahi Ahmed. Toward an Islamic Reformation: Civil Liberties, Human Rights, and International Law. Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1990 Google Scholar.
Anscombe, G. E. M. “On the Source of the Authority of the State.” In Authority, ed. Raz, Joseph, 142–73. New York: New YorkUniversity Press, 1990 Google Scholar.
Arberry, A. J., trans. The Koran Interpreted. 2 vols. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1955 Google Scholar.
Arend, Anthony Clark. Legal Rules and International Society. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999 Google Scholar.
Avi-Yonah, Reuven S.International Tax as International Law: An Analysis of the International Tax Regime. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007 CrossRef | Google Scholar.
Avi-Yonah, Reuven S. “The Rise and Fall of Arm's Length: A Study in the Evolution of U.S. International Taxation.” Virginia Tax Review 15 (1995 Google Scholar): 89–159.
Bahá'u'lláh, . Tablets of Bahá'u'lláh Revealed after the Kitáb-i-Aqdas. Translated by Taherzadeh, Habib. Wilmette, Ill.: Bahá'í Publishing Trust, 1988 Google Scholar.
Bassiouni, M. Cherif. Crimes Against Humanity in International Criminal Law. 2nd rev. ed. The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 1999 Google Scholar.
Baxter, R. R. “International Law in ‘Her Infinite Variety.’” International and Comparative Law Quarterly 29 (1980 CrossRef | Google Scholar): 549–66.
Baxter, R. R.. “Multilateral Treaties as Evidence of Customary International Law.” British Yearbook of International Law 41 (1965 Google Scholar–1966): 275–300.
Baxter, R. R.. “Treaties and Custom.” Recueil des cours 129 (1970 Google Scholar-I): 25–105.
Bederman, David J.The Spirit of International Law. Athens, Ga.: The University of Georgia Press, 2002 Google Scholar.
Bos, Maarten. “The Identification of Custom in International Law.” German Yearbook of International Law 25 (1982 Google Scholar): 9–53.
Boyle, Alan. “Soft Law in International Law-Making.” In International Law, ed. Evans, Malcolm D., 141–58. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006 Google Scholar.
Boyle, Kevin. “Freedom of Thought, Freedom of Conscience, Freedom of Religion and Freedom of Belief as Internationally Protected Rights: What Is Agreed and What Is Not Agreed.” In Democracy, the Rule of Law and Islam, ed. Cotran, Eugene and Sherif, Adel Omar, 373–92. London: Kluwer Law International, 1999 Google Scholar.
Bradley, Curtis A., and Goldsmith, Jack L.. “Customary International Law as Federal Common Law: A Critique of the Modern Position.” Harvard Law Review 110 (1997 CrossRef | Google Scholar): 815–76.
Brierly, James Leslie. The Basis of Obligation in International Law and Other Papers. Edited by Lauterpacht, Sir Hersch and Waldock, C. H. M.. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1958 Google Scholar.
Brierly, James Leslie. The Law of Nations: An Introduction to the International Law of Peace. Edited by Waldock, Sir Humphrey. 6th ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 1963 Google Scholar.
Brooks, E. Bruce, and Brooks, A. Taeko, trans. The Original Analects: Sayings of Confucius and His Successors. New York: Columbia University Press, 1998 Google Scholar.
Brown, Chris. International Relations Theory: New Normative Approaches. New York: Columbia University Press, 1992 Google Scholar.
Brownlie, Ian. Principles of Public International Law. 7th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008 Google Scholar.
Buergenthal, Thomas. “To Respect and to Ensure: State Obligations and Permissible Derogations.” In The International Bill of Rights: The Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, ed. Henkin, Louis, 72–91. New York: Columbia University Press, 1981 Google Scholar.
Bull, Hedley. The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics. 3rd ed. New York: Columbia University Press, 1977 CrossRef | Google Scholar.
Byers, Michael. Custom, Power and the Power of Rules: International Relations and Customary International Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999 CrossRef | Google Scholar.
Capotorti, Francesco. “L'extinction et la suspension des traités.” Recueil des cours 134 (1971 Google Scholar-III): 417–587.
Carroll, Mitchell B.Taxation of Foreign and National Enterprises. Vol. 4, Methods of Allocating Taxable Income. Geneva: League of Nations, 1933 Google Scholar. (Cited as Carroll, Methods of Allocating Taxable Income.)
Cassese, Antonio. International Criminal Law. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008 Google Scholar.
Cassese, Antonio. International Law. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005 Google Scholar.
Cassese, Antonio. International Law in a Divided World. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986 Google Scholar.
Charlesworth, H. C. M. “Customary International Law and the Nicaragua Case.” Australian Yearbook of International Law 11 (1984 Google Scholar–1987): 1–31.
Charlesworth, Hilary, and Chinkin, Christine. The Boundaries of International Law: A Feminist Analysis. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2000 Google Scholar.
Charney, Jonathan I. “International Agreements and the Development of Customary International Law.” Washington Law Review 61 (1986 Google Scholar): 971–96.
Charney, Jonathan I. “The Persistent Objector Rule and the Development of Customary International Law.” British Yearbook of International Law 56 (1985 CrossRef | Google Scholar): 1–24.
Charney, Jonathan I. “Universal International Law.” American Journal of International Law 87 (1993 CrossRef | Google Scholar): 529–51.
Charpentier, Jean. “Tendances de L'Élaboration du Droit International Public Coutumier.” In L'Élaboration du Droit International Public, Société Française pour le Droit International, 105–31. Paris: Éditions A. Pedone, 1975 Google Scholar.
Cheng, Bin. General Principles of Law as Applied by International Courts and Tribunals. London: Stevens & Sons, 1953 Google Scholar.
Cheng, Bin. “United Nations Resolutions on Outer Space: ‘Instant’ International Customary Law?” In International Law: Teaching and Practice, ed. Cheng, Bin, 237–62. London: Stevens & Sons, 1982 Google Scholar.
Clapham, Andrew. Human Rights Obligations of Non-State Actors. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006 CrossRef | Google Scholar.
Clausing, Kimberly A., and Avi-Yonah, Reuven S.. Reforming Corporate Taxation in a Global Economy: A Proposal to Adopt Formulary Apportionment. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution, 2007 Google Scholar.
Coffill, Eric J., and Willson, Prentiss Jr. “Federal Formulary Apportionment as an Alternative to Arm's Length Pricing: From the Frying Pan to the Fire?” Tax Notes 59 (1993 Google Scholar): 1103–17.
Colson, David A. “How Persistent Must the Persistent Objector Be?” Washington Law Review 61 (1986 Google Scholar): 957–70.
Conze, Edward, trans. Buddhist Scriptures. London: Penguin Books, 1959 Google Scholar.
D'Amato, Anthony A.The Concept of Custom in International Law. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1971 Google Scholar.
D'Amato, Anthony A. “Custom and Treaty: A Response to Professor Weisburd.” Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law 21 (1988 Google Scholar): 459–72.
D'Amato, Anthony A. “Finding Custom in an Incident.” In International Law Anthology, ed. D'Amato, Anthony, 58–61. N.p.: Anderson Publishing Co., 1994 Google Scholar.
D'Amato, Anthony A. “It's a Bird, It's a Plane, It's Jus Cogens!” Connecticut Journal of International Law 6 (1990 Google Scholar): 1–6.
D'Amato, Anthony A. “Trashing Customary International Law.” American Journal of International Law 81 (1987 CrossRef | Google Scholar): 101–05.
D'Amato, Anthony A. “Treaty-Based Rules of Custom.” In International Law Anthology, ed. D'Amato, Anthony, 94–101. N.p.: Anderson Publishing Co., 1994 Google Scholar.
David, René. “Sources of Law.” Chapter 3 in The Legal Systems of the World: Their Comparison and Unification, ed. David, René. Vol. II. Tübingen: J.C.B. Mohr (Paul Sibeck); The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1984 Google Scholar.
Hoogh, André. Obligations Erga Omnes and International Crimes: A Theoretical Inquiry into the Implementation and Enforcement of the International Responsibility of States. The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 1996 Google Scholar.
Deleau, Olivier. “Les positions françaises à la Conférence de Vienne sur le droit des traités.” Annuaire Français de Droit International 15 (1969 CrossRef | Google Scholar) : 7–23.
Diamond, Walter H., and Diamond, Dorothy B.. International Tax Treaties of All Nations. Multiple volumes. Dobbs Ferry, N.Y.: Oceana Publications, 1978 Google Scholar.
Dupuy, Pierre-Marie. Droit international public. 3rd ed. Paris: Dalloz, 1995 Google Scholar.
Dworkin, Ronald. Law's Empire. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1986 Google Scholar.
Edgerton, Franklin, trans. The Bhagavad Gītā. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1972 Google Scholar.
Evans, Malcolm D.Religious Liberty and International Law in Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997 CrossRef | Google Scholar.
Falk, Richard, and Strauss, Andrew. “Toward Global Parliament.” Foreign Affairs 80 (January/February 2001 CrossRef | Google Scholar): 212–20.
Finnis, J. M. “Authority.” In Authority, ed. Raz, Joseph, 174–202. New York: New York University Press, 1990 Google Scholar.
Fitzmaurice, G. G. “The Foundations of the Authority of International Law and the Problem of Enforcement.” The Modern Law Review 19 (1956 CrossRef | Google Scholar): 1–13.
Fitzmaurice, G. G.. “The Law of Treaties.” U.N. Doc. A/CN.4/115 (1958). Reprinted in Yearbook of the International Law Commission 1958, vol. II, 20–46. New York: United Nations, 1958 Google Scholar.
Franck, Thomas M.The Power of Legitimacy Among Nations. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990 Google Scholar.
Gans, Chaim. “Mandatory Rules and Exclusionary Reasons.” Philosophia: Philosophical Quarterly of Israel 15 (1986 CrossRef | Google Scholar): 373–94.
Gardam, Judith G. “Legal Restraints on Security Council Military Enforcement Action.” Michigan Journal of International Law 17 (1996 Google Scholar): 285–322.
Ghanea, Nazila. Human Rights, the UN and the Bahá'ís in Iran. Oxford: George Ronald; The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 2002 Google Scholar.
Glendon, Mary Ann. A World Made New: Eleanor Roosevelt and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. New York: Random House, 2001 Google Scholar.
Glennon, Michael J.Limits of Law, Prerogatives of Power: Interventionism after Kosovo. New York: Palgrave, 2001 CrossRef | Google Scholar.
Goldsmith, Jack L., and Posner, Eric A.. The Limits of International Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005 Google Scholar.
Goodrich, Leland M., Hambro, Edvard, and Simons, Anne Patricia. Charter of the United Nations: Commentary and Documents. 3rd rev. ed. New York: Columbia University Press, 1969 Google Scholar.
Grotius, Hugo. De Jure Belli ac Pacis Libri Tres. Vol. 2, The Translation, Book II. Translated by Kelsey, Francis W.. New York: Oceana; London: Wildy and Son, 1964 Google Scholar.
Gunning, Isabelle R. “Modernizing Customary International Law: The Challenge of Human Rights.” Virginia Journal of International Law 31 (1991 Google Scholar): 211–47.
Guzman, Andrew T.How International Law Works: A Rational Choice Theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008 CrossRef | Google Scholar.
Hannikainen, Lauri. Peremptory Norms (Jus Cogens) in International Law: Historical Development, Criteria, Present Status. Helsinki: Lakimiesliiton Kustannus, Finnish Lawyers' Publishing Co., 1988 Google Scholar.
Hannum, Hurst. “The Status of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in National and International Law.” Georgia Journal of International and Comparative Law 25 (1995 Google Scholar–1996): 287–397.
Hart, H. L. A. “Commands and Authoritative Legal Reasons.” In Authority, ed. Raz, Joseph, 92–114. New York: New York University Press, 1990 Google Scholar.
Hart, H. L. A.. The Concept of Law. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1961 Google Scholar.
Higgins, Rosalyn. The Development of International Law Through the Political Organs of the United Nations. London: Oxford University Press, 1963 Google Scholar.
Higgins, Rosalyn. Problems and Process: International Law and How We Use It. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994 Google Scholar.
Hudson, David M., and Turner, Daniel C.. “International and Interstate Approaches to Taxing Business Income.” Northwestern Journal of International Law and Business 6 (1984 Google Scholar): 562–614.
Hudson, Manley O. Working Paper. “Article 24 of the Statute of the International Law Commission.” U.N. Doc. A/CN.4/16 (1950). Reprinted in Yearbook of the International Law Commission 1950, vol. II, 24–32. New York Google Scholar: United Nations, 1957. (Cited as Hudson, “Article 24.”)
Humphrey, John P. “The International Bill of Rights: Scope and Implementation.” William and Mary Law Review 17 (1976 Google Scholar): 527–41.
Humphrey, John P. “The Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Its History, Impact and Juridical Character.” In Human Rights: Thirty Years after the Universal Declaration: Commemorative Volume on the Occasion of the Thirtieth Anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, ed. Ramcharan, B.G., 21–37. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1979 Google Scholar.
,International Committee of the Red Cross. Customary International Humanitarian Law. Vol. I, Rules. Jean-Marie Henckaerts and Louise Doswald-Beck. With contributions by Carolin Alvermann, Knut Dörmann and Baptiste Rolle. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005 Google Scholar. (Cited as ICRC, Customary International Humanitarian Law.)
,International Law Association. Buenos Aires Conference (1994 Google Scholar). Committee on the Enforcement of Human Rights Law. “Final Report on the Status of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in National and International Law.” (Cited as International Law Association, “Status of the Universal Declaration.”)
,International Law Association. Buenos Aires Conference. London Conference (2000 Google Scholar). Committee on Formation of Customary (General) International Law. “Final Report of the Committee: Statement of Principles Applicable to the Formation of General Customary International Law.” (Cited as International Law Association, “Statement of Principles.”)
,International Law Commission. “Articles on the Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts.” G.A. Res. 56/83 (2001 Google Scholar), Annex, as corrected by U.N. Doc. A/56/49(Vol. I)/Corr.4. (Cited as 2001 Articles on State Responsibility.)
,International Law Commission. Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts with Commentaries (2001). New York: United Nations, 2005 Google Scholar. (Cited as International Law Commission, Commentaries.)
,International Law Commission. “Fragmentation of International Law: Difficulties Arising from the Diversification and Expansion of International Law: Report of the Study Group of the International Law Commission.” Finalized by Martti Koskenniemi. U.N. Doc. A/CN.4/L.682 (2006 Google Scholar).
,International Law Commission. “Report of the Commission to the General Assembly.” U.N. Doc. A/5509 (1963). Reprinted in Yearbook of the International Law Commission 1963, vol. II, 187–300. New York: United Nations, 1964 Google Scholar. (Cited as International Law Commission, “1963 Report.”)
,International Law Commission. “Report of the International Law Commission, 59th Session (7 May–5 June and 9 July–10 August 2007).” U.N. Doc. A/62/10. New York: United Nations, 2007 Google Scholar. (Cited as International Law Commission, “2007 Report.”)
,International Law Commission. “Report of the International Law Commission to the General Assembly.” U.N. Doc. A/1316 (1950). Reprinted in Yearbook of the International Law Commission 1950, vol. II, 364–85. New York: United Nations, 1957 Google Scholar. (Cited as International Law Commission, “1950 Report.”)
,International Law Commission. “Reports of the Commission to the General Assembly.” U.N. Doc. A/6309/Rev. 1 (1966). Reprinted in Yearbook of the International Law Commission 1966, vol. II, 169–363. New York Google Scholar: United Nations, 1967. (Cited as International Law Commission, “1966 Report.”)
Iwasawa, Yuji. “The Domestic Impact of International Human Rights Standards: The Japanese Experience.” In The Future of UN Human Rights Treaty Monitoring, ed. Alston, Philip and Crawford, James, 245–68. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000 CrossRef | Google Scholar.
Jacobs, Francis G., and White, Robin C. A.. The European Convention on Human Rights. 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996 Google Scholar.
Janis, Mark W.An Introduction to International Law. 4th ed. New York: Aspen Publishers, 2003 Google Scholar.
Jenks, C. Wilfred. The Common Law of Mankind. London: Stevens & Sons, 1958 Google Scholar.
Jennings, Sir Robert, and Watts, Sir Arthur, eds. Oppenheim's International Law. 9th ed. Vol. I, Peace: Introduction and Part 1. Essex: Longman, 1992 Google Scholar.
Jiménez de Aréchaga, Eduardo. “International Law in the Past Third of a Century.” Recueil des cours 159 (1978 Google Scholar-I): 1–344.
,Joint Committee on Internal Revenue Taxation. Legislative History of United States Tax Conventions. Vol. 4, Model Tax Conventions. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1962 Google Scholar. (Cited as Model Tax Conventions.)
Kant, Immanuel. “Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch.” In Kant: Political Writings, ed. Reiss, Hans and trans. Nisbet, H. B., 93–130. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991 Google Scholar.
Kauder, Louis M. “The Unspecific Federal Tax Policy of Arm's Length: A Comment on the Continuing Vitality of Formulary Apportionment at the Federal Level.” Tax Notes 60 (1993 Google Scholar): 1147–55.
Kelly, J. Patrick. “The Twilight of Customary International Law.” Virginia Journal of International Law 40 (2000 Google Scholar): 449–543.
Kelsen, Hans. General Theory of Law and State. Translated by Wedberg, Anders. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1945 Google Scholar.
Kelsen, Hans. The Law of the United Nations: A Critical Analysis of Its Fundamental Problems. New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1951 Google Scholar.
Kelsen, Hans. Principles of International Law. 2nd ed. Revised and edited by Tucker, Robert W.. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1966 Google Scholar.
Keohane, Robert O.After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984 Google Scholar.
Kirgis, Frederic L. Jr. “Custom on a Sliding Scale.” American Journal of International Law 81 (1987 CrossRef | Google Scholar): 146–51.
Kiss, Alexandre. “The Environment and Natural Resources: Commentary and Conclusions.” In Commitment and Compliance: The Role of Non-Binding Norms in the International Legal System, ed. Shelton, Dinah, 223–42. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000 Google Scholar.
Koh, Harold Hongju. “Why Do Nations Obey International Law?” Review Essay. Yale Law Journal 106 (1997 CrossRef | Google Scholar): 2599–659.
Koskenniemi, Martti. From Apology to Utopia: The Structure of International Legal Argument. Helsinki: Lakimiesliiton Kustannus, Finnish Lawyers' Publishing Co., 1989 Google Scholar.
Koskenniemi, Martti. “Hierarchy in International Law: A Sketch.” European Journal of International Law 8 (1997 CrossRef | Google Scholar): 566–82.
Krasner, Stephen D. “Structural Causes and Regime Consequences: Regimes as Intervening Variables.” In International Regimes, ed. Krasner, Stephen D., 1–21. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1983 Google Scholar.
Krishnaswami, Arcot. Study of Discrimination in the Matter of Religious Rights and Practices. U.N. Sales. No. 60.XIV.2. New York: United Nations, 1960 Google Scholar.
Kunz, Josef L. “The Nature of Customary International Law.” American Journal of International Law 47 (1953 CrossRef | Google Scholar): 662–69.
Lammers, Johan G. “General Principles of Law Recognized by Civilized Nations.” In Essays on the Development of the International Legal Order in Memory of Haro F. Van Panhuys, ed. Kalshoven, Frits, Kuyper, Pieter Jan and Lammers, Johan G., 53–75. Alphen aan den Rijn, The Netherlands: Sijthoff & Noordhoff, 1980 Google Scholar.
Langbein, Stanley I. “The Unitary Method and the Myth of Arm's Length.” Tax Notes 30 (1986 Google Scholar): 625–81.
Lauren, Paul Gordon. The Evolution of International Human Rights: Visions Seen. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1998 Google Scholar.
Lauterpacht, Hersch. International Law. Vol. I, The General Works. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970 Google Scholar.
Lauterpacht, Hersch. International Law and Human Rights. N.p.: Archon Books, 1968 Google Scholar.
Lauterpacht, Hersch. “Law of Treaties.” U.N. Doc. A/CN.4/63 (1953). Reprinted in Yearbook of the International Law Commission 1953, vol. II, 90–162. New York: United Nations, 1959 Google Scholar.
Lawlor, William R, ed. Cross-Border Transactions Between Related Companies: A Summary of Tax Rules. Deventer: Kluwer Law and Taxation Publishers, 1985 Google Scholar.
,League of Nations. “Double Taxation and Tax Evasion: Report and Resolutions Submitted by the Technical Experts to the Financial Committee of the League of Nations.” League of Nations Doc. F.212 (1925 Google Scholar). In Model Tax Conventions, 4057–105. (Cited as “1925 Report on Double Taxation.”)
,League of Nations. “Double Taxation and Tax Evasion: Report Presented by the Committee of Technical Experts on Double Taxation and Tax Evasion.” League of Nations Doc. C.216.M.85.1927.II. (1927 Google Scholar). In Model Tax Conventions, 4111–49. (Cited as “1927 Report on Double Taxation.”)
,League of Nations. “Double Taxation and Tax Evasion: Report Presented by the General Meeting of Government Experts on Double Taxation and Tax Evasion.” League of Nations Doc. C.562.M.178.1928.II. (1928 Google Scholar). In Model Tax Conventions, 4151–93. (Cited as “1928 Report on Double Taxation.”)
,League of Nations. Fiscal Committee. “London and Mexico Model Tax Conventions: Commentary and Text.” League of Nations Doc. C.88.M.88.1946 Google Scholar.II.A. (1946). In Model Tax Conventions, 4319–439. (Cited as “London and Mexico Model Tax Conventions.”)
,League of Nations. Fiscal Committee. “Report on the Work of the Tenth Session of the Committee, Held in London from March 20th to 26th, 1946.” League of Nations Doc. C.37.M.37.1946.II.A. (1946 Google Scholar). In Model Tax Conventions, 4299–317. (Cited as “1946 Committee Report.”)
,League of Nations. Fiscal Committee. “Report to the Council on the Fifth Session of the Committee, Held at Geneva from June 12th to 17th, 1935.” League of Nations Doc. C.252.M.124.1935.II.A. (1935 Google Scholar). In Model Tax Conventions, 4249–56. (Cited as “1935 Committee Report.”)
,League of Nations. Fiscal Committee. “Report to the Council on the Fourth Session of the Committee, Held at Geneva from June 15th to 26th, 1933.” League of Nations Doc. C.399.M.204.1933.II.A. (1933 Google Scholar). In Model Tax Conventions, 4241–47. (Cited as “1933 Committee Report.”)
,League of Nations. Fiscal Committee. “Report to the Council on the Work of the Second Session of the Committee, Held in Geneva from May 22nd to 31st, 1930.” League of Nations Doc. C.340.M.140.1930.II. (1930 Google Scholar). In Model Tax Conventions, 4203–24. (Cited as “1930 Committee Report.”)
Lepard, Brian D.Hope for a Global Ethic: Shared Principles in Religious Scriptures. Wilmette, Ill.: Bahá'í Publishing, 2005 Google Scholar.
Lepard, Brian D. “Is the United States Obligated to Drive on the Right? A Multidisciplinary Inquiry into the Normative Authority of Contemporary International Law Using the Arm's Length Standard as a Case Study.” Duke Journal of Comparative and International Law 10 (2000 Google Scholar): 43–190.
Lepard, Brian D.Rethinking Humanitarian Intervention: A Fresh Legal Approach Based on Fundamental Ethical Principles in International Law and World Religions. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2002 Google Scholar.
Lewis, David K.Convention: A Philosophical Study. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1969 Google Scholar.
Li, Jinyan. “Effectiveness of the Arm's-Length Principle in the Age of E-Commerce.” Tax Notes 93 (2001 Google Scholar): 1463–92.
Lillich, Richard B. “Civil Rights.” In Human Rights in International Law: Legal and Policy Issues, vol. 1, ed. Meron, Theodor, 115–70. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984 Google Scholar.
Lillich, Richard B. “Invoking International Human Rights Law in Domestic Courts.” Cincinnati Law Review 54 (1985 Google Scholar): 367–415.
Locke, John. Two Treatises of Government. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1960 Google Scholar.
Loukota, Helmut. “Multilateral Tax Treaty Versus Bilateral Treaty Network.” In Multilateral Tax Treaties: New Developments in International Tax Law, Lang, Michael et al., 83–103. London: Kluwer Law International, 1998 Google Scholar.
MacGibbon, Iain. “Customary International Law and Acquiescence.” British Yearbook of International Law 33 (1957 Google Scholar): 115–45.
MacGibbon, Iain. “Means for the Identification of International Law: General Assembly Resolutions: Custom, Practice and Mistaken Identity.” In International Law: Teaching and Practice, ed. Cheng, Bin, 10–26. London: Stevens & Sons, 1982 Google Scholar.
MacGibbon, Iain. “Some Observations on the Part of Protest in International Law.” British Yearbook of International Law 30 (1953 Google Scholar): 293–319.
Martin, Francisco Forrest. “Delineating a Hierarchical Outline of International Law Sources and Norms.” Saskatchewan Law Review 65 (2002 Google Scholar): 333–68.
Mattei, Ugo A., Teemu Ruskola, and Antonio Gidi. Schlesinger's Comparative Law: Cases-Text-Materials. 7th ed. New York: Thomson Reuters/Foundation Press, 2009 Google Scholar.
McDougal, Myres S. “Perspectives for an International Law of Human Dignity.” In Studies in World Public Order, Myres S. McDougal and Associates, 987–1019. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1960 Google Scholar.
McDougal, Myres S., and Leighton, Gertrude C. K., “The Rights of Man in the World Community: Constitutional Illusions Versus Rational Action.” In Studies in World Public Order, Myres S. McDougal and Associates, 335–403. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1960 Google Scholar.
McDougal, Myres S., and Schlei, Norbert A.. “The Hydrogen Bomb Tests in Perspective: Lawful Measures for Security.” In Studies in World Public Order, Myres S. McDougal and Associates, 763–843. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1960 Google Scholar.
McDougal, Myres S., Lasswell, Harold D., and Chen, Lung-chu. Human Rights and World Public Order: The Basic Policies of an International Law of Human Dignity. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1980 Google Scholar.
McGuinness, Margaret E. “Exploring the Limits of International Human Rights Law.” Georgia Journal of International and Comparative Law 34 (2006 Google Scholar): 393–421.
Mendelson, Maurice. “The Subjective Element in Customary International Law.” British Yearbook of International Law 66 (1995 CrossRef | Google Scholar): 177–208.
Meron, Theodor. Human Rights and Humanitarian Norms as Customary Law. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989 Google Scholar.
Meron, Theodor. Human Rights in Internal Strife: Their International Protection. Cambridge: Grotius Publications, 1987 Google Scholar.
Meron, Theodor. “On a Hierarchy of International Human Rights.” American Journal of International Law 80 (1986 CrossRef | Google Scholar): 1–23.
Meron, Theodor. “Revival of Customary Humanitarian Law.” Editorial Comment. American Journal of International Law 99 (2005 CrossRef | Google Scholar): 817–34.
Mill, John Stuart. “Utilitarianism.” In John Stuart Mill, Utilitarianism, On Liberty, Essay on Bentham, Together with Selected Writings of Jeremy Bentham and John Austin, ed. Warnock, Mary, 251–321. New York: New American Library, 1974 Google Scholar.
“Montreal Statement of the Assembly for Human Rights, March 22–27, 1968.” Journal of the International Commission of Jurists 9 (1968 Google Scholar): 94–109.
Morales, Omar. “Transfer Pricing in Chile: A Comparison of the OECD Guidelines and U.S. Regulations.” University of Detroit Mercy Law Review 79 (2002 Google Scholar): 415–31.
Morsink, Johannes. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Origins, Drafting, and Intent. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999 CrossRef | Google Scholar.
Norman, George, and Trachtman, Joel P.. “The Customary International Law Game.” American Journal of International Law 99 (2005 CrossRef | Google Scholar): 541–80.
Nowak, Manfred. U.N. Covenant on Civil and Political Rights: CCPR Commentary. 2nd rev. ed. Kehl: N.P. Engel, 2005 Google Scholar.
Nussbaum, Arthur. A Concise History of the Law of Nations. Rev. ed. New York: Macmillan, 1954 Google Scholar.
O'Connell, Mary Ellen. The Power and Purpose of International Law: Insights from the Theory and Practice of Enforcement. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008 CrossRef | Google Scholar.
Odio Benito, Elizabeth. Elimination of All Forms of Intolerance and Discrimination Based on Religion or Belief. U.N. Sales No. E.89.XIV.3. New York: United Nations, 1989 Google Scholar.
Orakhelashvili, Alexander. Peremptory Norms in International Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006 Google Scholar.
,Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Draft Double Taxation Convention on Income and Capital: Report of the O.E.C.D. Fiscal Committee. Paris: O.E.C.D. Publications, 1963 Google Scholar. (Cited as 1963 OECD Model.)
,Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Model Double Taxation Convention on Income and Capital: Report of the OECD Committee on Fiscal Affairs. Paris: OECD Publications, 1977 Google Scholar. (Cited as 1977 OECD Model.)
,Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital: Condensed Version 17 July 2008: OECD Committee on Fiscal Affairs. Paris: OECD Publications, 2008 Google Scholar. (Cited as 2008 OECD Model.)
,Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Transfer Pricing and Multinational Enterprises: Report of the OECD Committee on Fiscal Affairs. Paris: OECD Publications, 1979 Google Scholar. (Cited as 1979 OECD Report.)
,Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Transfer Pricing Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises and Tax Administrations. Paris: OECD Publications, 2001 Google Scholar. (Cited as 1995 Transfer Pricing Guidelines.)
Oye, Kenneth A. “Explaining Cooperation under Anarchy: Hypotheses and Strategies.” In Cooperation under Anarchy, ed. Oye, Kenneth A., 1–24. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986 Google Scholar.
Partsch, Karl Josef. “Freedom of Conscience and Expression, and Political Freedoms.” In The International Bill of Rights: The Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, ed. Henkin, Louis, 209–45. New York: Columbia University Press, 1981 Google Scholar.
Paust, Jordan J.International Law as Law of the United States. 2nd ed. Durham, N.C.: Carolina Academic Press, 2003 Google Scholar.
,Permanent Court of International Justice. “Documents Concerning the Action Taken by the Council of the League of Nations under Article 14 of the Covenant and the Adoption by the Assembly of the Statute of the Permanent Court (Not Including Material Collected for, or the Minutes of, the Advisory Committee of Jurists).” Geneva: League of Nations, 1921 Google Scholar. (Cited as Permanent Court of International Justice, “Documents.”)
Perry, Stephen R. “Second-Order Reasons, Uncertainty and Legal Theory.” Southern California Law Review 62 (1989 Google Scholar): 913–94.
Postema, Gerald J. “Custom in International Law: A Normative Practice Account.” In The Nature of Customary Law, ed. Perreau-Saussine, Amanda and Murphy, James Bernard, 279–306. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007 Google Scholar.
“Proclamation by the President with Respect to the Natural Resources of the Subsoil and Sea Bed of the Continental Shelf, September 28, 1945.” Reprinted in American Journal of International Law Supplement 40 (1946 Google Scholar): 45–46.
Provost, René. International Human Rights and Humanitarian Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002 CrossRef | Google Scholar.
Ragazzi, Maurizio. The Concept of International Obligations Erga Omnes. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997 Google Scholar.
Raz, Joseph. “Authority and Justification.” In Authority, ed. Raz, Joseph, 115–41. New York: New York University Press, 1990 Google Scholar.
Raz, Joseph. “Facing Up: A Reply.” Southern California Law Review 62 (1989 Google Scholar): 1153–235.
Raz, Joseph. “Introduction.” In Authority, ed. Raz, Joseph, 1–19. New York: New York University Press, 1990 Google Scholar.
Raz, Joseph. The Morality of Freedom. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986 Google Scholar.
Raz, Joseph. Practical Reason and Norms. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990 Google Scholar.
Raz, Joseph. “The Problem of Authority: Revisiting the Service Conception.” Minnesota Law Review 90 (2006 Google Scholar): 1003–44.
Raz, Joseph, ed. Authority. New York: New York University Press, 1990 Google Scholar.
Reisman, W. Michael. “The Cult of Custom in the Late 20th Century.” California Western International Law Journal 17 (1987 Google Scholar): 133–45.
Reisman, W. Michael. “International Incidents: Introduction to a New Genre in the Study of International Law.” In International Incidents: The Law That Counts in World Politics, ed. Reisman, W. Michael and Willard, Andrew R., 3–24. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988 Google Scholar.
Reisman, W. Michael. “International Lawmaking: A Process of Communication: The Harold D. Lasswell Memorial Lecture.” American Society of International Law Proceedings 75 (1981 Google Scholar): 101–20.
Rescher, Nicholas. Introduction to Value Theory. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1969 Google Scholar.
Roberts, Adam, and Guelff, Richard, eds. Documents on the Laws of War. 3rd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000 Google Scholar.
Roberts, Anthea Elizabeth. “Traditional and Modern Approaches to Customary International Law: A Reconciliation.” American Journal of International Law 95 (2001 CrossRef | Google Scholar): 757–91.
Roin, Julie. “Can the Income Tax Be Saved? The Promise and Pitfalls of Adopting Worldwide Formulary Apportionment.” Tax Law Review 61 (2008 Google Scholar): 169–240.
Ross, Alf. A Textbook of International Law: General Part. London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1947 Google Scholar.
Russell, Ruth B.A History of the United Nations Charter: The Role of the United States, 1940–1945. Assisted by Jeannette E. Muther. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution, 1958 Google Scholar.
Schachter, Oscar. “The Charter and the Constitution: The Human Rights Provisions in American Law.” Vanderbilt Law Review 4 (1951 Google Scholar): 643–59.
Schachter, Oscar. “Entangled Treaty and Custom.” In International Law at a Time of Perplexity: Essays in Honour of Shabtai Rosenne, ed. Dinstein, Yoram, 717–38. Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1989 Google Scholar.
Schachter, Oscar. International Law in Theory and Practice. Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1991 Google Scholar.
Schachter, Oscar. “Towards a Theory of International Obligation.” Virginia Journal of International Law 8 (1968 Google Scholar): 300–322.
Scheuner, Ulrich. “Conflict of Treaty Provisions with a Peremptory Norm of General International Law and Its Consequences: Comments on Arts. 50, 61 and 67 of the ILC's 1966 Draft Articles on the Law of Treaties.” Zeitschrift Für Ausländisches Öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht 27 (1967 Google Scholar): 520–32.
Schlesinger, Rudolf B. “Research on the General Principles of Law Recognized by Civilized Nations: Outline of a New Project.” American Journal of International Law 51 (1957 CrossRef | Google Scholar): 734–53.
Schwarzenberger, Georg. “International Jus Cogens?” Texas Law Review 43 (1965 Google Scholar): 455–78.
Schwarzenberger, Georg. International Law. Vol. 1, International Law as Applied by International Courts and Tribunals: I. 3rd ed. London: Stevens & Sons, 1957 Google Scholar.
Schwelb, Egon. Human Rights and the International Community: The Roots and Growth of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948–1963. Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1964 Google Scholar.
Schwelb, Egon. “Some Aspects of International Jus Cogens as Formulated by the International Law Commission.” American Journal of International Law 61 (1967 CrossRef | Google Scholar): 946–75.
“Secretary Surrey Reports on Developments in Treasury's Foreign Tax Program.” Journal of Taxation 24 (1966 Google Scholar): 54–59.
Shaw, Malcolm N. “Freedom of Thought, Conscience and Religion.” In The European System for the Protection of Human Rights, ed. Macdonald, R. St. J., Matscher, F., and Petzold, H., 445–63. Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1993 Google Scholar.
Shelton, Dinah. “International Law and ‘Relative Normativity.’” In International Law, ed. Evans, Malcolm D., 159–85. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006 Google Scholar.
Shelton, Dinah. “Introduction: Law, Non-Law and the Problem of ‘Soft Law.’” In Commitment and Compliance: The Role of Non-Binding Norms in the International Legal System, ed. Shelton, Dinah, 1–18. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000 Google Scholar.
Shelton, Dinah. “Normative Hierarchy in International Law.” American Journal of International Law 100 (2006 CrossRef | Google Scholar): 291–323.
Simma, Bruno, ed. The Charter of the United Nations: A Commentary. Vol. II. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002 Google Scholar.
Simma, Bruno, and Alston, Philip. “The Sources of Human Rights Law: Custom, Jus Cogens, and General Principles.” Australian Yearbook of International Law 12 (1988 Google Scholar–1989): 82–108.
Sinclair, Sir Ian. The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. 2nd ed. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1984 Google Scholar.
Singer, Peter. One World: The Ethics of Globalization. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2002 Google Scholar.
Singer, Peter. Practical Ethics. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993 Google Scholar.
Sloan, Blaine. “General Assembly Resolutions Revisited (Forty Years Later).” British Yearbook of International Law 58 (1987 CrossRef | Google Scholar): 39–150.
Sohn, Louis B. “‘Generally Accepted’ International Rules.” Washington Law Review 61 (1986 Google Scholar): 1073–80.
Stein, Arthur A. “Coordination and Collaboration: Regimes in an Anarchic World.” In International Regimes, ed. Krasner, Stephen D., 115–40. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1983 Google Scholar.
Stein, Ted L. “The Approach of the Different Drummer: The Principle of the Persistent Objector in International Law.” Harvard International Law Journal 26 (1985 Google Scholar): 457–82.
Steiner, Henry J. “Individual Claims in a World of Massive Violations: What Role for the Human Rights Committee?” In The Future of UN Human Rights Treaty Monitoring, ed. Alston, Philip and Crawford, James, 15–53. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000 CrossRef | Google Scholar.
Suárez, Francisco. Selections from Three Works of Francisco Suárez, S.J. Vol. 2, The Translation. Translated by Williams, Gwladys L., Brown, Ammi, and Waldron, John, with certain revisions by Henry Davis, S.J. Oxford: Clarendon Press; London: Humphrey Milford, 1944 Google Scholar.
Sullivan, Donna J. “Advancing the Freedom of Religion or Belief through the UN Declaration on the Elimination of Religious Intolerance and Discrimination.” American Journal of International Law 82 (1988 CrossRef | Google Scholar): 487–520.
Sztucki, Jerzy. Jus Cogens and the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties: A Critical Appraisal. Wien: Springer-Verlag, 1974 CrossRef | Google Scholar.
,Tabandeh, Sultanhussein of Gunabad: Iran. A Muslim Commentary on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. London: F.T. Goulding, 1970 Google Scholar.
Tahzib, Bahiyyih G.Freedom of Religion or Belief: Ensuring Effective International Legal Protection. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1996 Google Scholar.
Tanakh: A New Translation of The Holy Scriptures According to the Traditional Hebrew Text. Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society, 1985 Google Scholar.
Tasioulas, John. “Customary International Law and the Quest for Global Justice.” In The Nature of Customary Law, ed. Perreau-Saussine, Amanda and Murphy, James Bernard, 307–35. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007 Google Scholar.
Tesón, Fernando R.A Philosophy of International Law. Boulder: Westview Press, 1998 Google Scholar.
Thirlway, Hugh. International Customary Law and Codification: An Examination of the Continuing Role of Custom in the Present Period of Codification of International Law. Leiden: A. W. Sijthoff, 1972 Google Scholar.
Thirlway, Hugh. “The Law and Procedure of the International Court of Justice, 1960–1989, Part Two.” British Yearbook of International Law 61 (1990 CrossRef | Google Scholar): 1–133.
Thirlway, Hugh. “The Sources of International Law.” In International Law, ed. Evans, Malcolm D., 115–40. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006 Google Scholar.
Thomas, Chantal. “Customary International Law and State Taxation of Corporate Income: The Case for the Separate Accounting Method.” Berkeley Journal of International Law 14 (1996 Google Scholar): 99–136.
Turro, John. “Treasury Continues to Champion Worldwide Arm's Length Standard.” Tax Notes 66 (1995 Google Scholar): 316–17.
Ullmann-Margalit, Edna. The Emergence of Norms. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1977 Google Scholar.
,United Nations. Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Tax Treaties Between Developed and Developing Countries: Seventh Report: Report of the Group of Experts on Tax Treaties Between Developed and Developing Countries on the Work of Its Seventh Meeting. U.N. Sales No. E.78.XVI.1. New York: United Nations, 1978 Google Scholar.
,United Nations. Department of Economic and Social Affairs. United Nations Model Double Taxation Convention Between Developed and Developing Countries. U.N. Doc. ST/ESA/PAD/SER.E/21. New York: United Nations, 2001 Google Scholar. (Cited as 2001 U.N. Model.)
,United Nations. Department of Economic and Social Affairs. United Nations Model Double Taxation Convention Between Developed and Developing Countries. U.N. Sales No. E.80.XVI.3. New York: United Nations, 1980 Google Scholar. (Cited as 1980 U.N. Model.)
,United Nations. Economic and Social Council. Commission on Human Rights. Drafting Committee. International Bill of Human Rights. Documented Outline. “Part I – Texts.” U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/AC.1/3/Add.1 (1947). (Cited as U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/AC.1/3/Add.1 (1947 Google Scholar).)
,United Nations. Economic and Social Council. Commission on Human Rights. Drafting Committee. Second Session. “Report of the Drafting Committee to the Commission on Human Rights.” U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/95 (1948 Google Scholar). (Cited as U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/95 (1948).)
,United Nations. Economic and Social Council. Commission on Human Rights. Drafting Committee. “Text of Letter from Lord Dukeston, the United Kingdom Representative on the Human Rights Commission, to the Secretary-General of the United Nations.” U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/AC.1/4 (1947 Google Scholar). (Cited as U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/AC.1/4 (1947).)
,United Nations. Economic and Social Council. Commission on Human Rights. Drafting Committee on an International Bill of Human Rights. First Session. “Report of the Drafting Committee to the Commission on Human Rights.” U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/21 (1947 Google Scholar). (Cited as U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/21 (1947).)
,United Nations. Economic and Social Council. Commission on Human Rights. “Report of the Sixth Session, Lake Success (27 March–19 May 1950).” U.N. Doc. E/1681 (1950 Google Scholar). (Cited as U.N. Doc. E/1681 (1950).)
,United Nations. Economic and Social Council. Commission on Human Rights. “Report to the Economic and Social Council on the Eighth Session of the Commission, held in New York, from 14 April to 14 June 1952 Google Scholar.” ECOSOC Official Records, 14th Session, Supp. No. 4. (Cited as Commission on Human Rights, “Report on the Eighth Session.”)
,United Nations. Economic and Social Council. “Report of the Commission on Human Rights, Second Session, Geneva, 2 December to 17 December 1947.” U.N. Doc. E/600 (1947 Google Scholar). (Cited as U.N. Doc. E/600 (1947).)
,United Nations. Economic and Social Council. “Report of the Third Session of the Commission on Human Rights, Lake Success, 24 May to 18 June 1948.” U.N. Doc. E/800 (1948 Google Scholar). (Cited as U.N. Doc. E/800 (1948).)
,United Nations. General Assembly. “Elimination of All Forms of Religious Intolerance: Note by the Secretary-General.” Report of the Special Rapporteur of the Commission on Human Rights on Freedom of Religion or Belief, Asma Jahangir. U.N. Doc. A/60/399 (2005 Google Scholar). (Cited as U.N. Doc. A/60/399 (2005).)
,United Nations. General Assembly Official Records. Agenda Item 28 (Part II). Annexes. Tenth Session, New York, 1955. “Annotations on the Text of the Draft International Covenants on Human Rights (Prepared by the Secretary-General).” U.N. Doc. A/2929 (1955 Google Scholar). (Cited as U.N. Doc. A/2929 (1955).)
,United Nations. Human Rights Committee. General Comment No. 22. “The Right to Freedom of Thought, Conscience and Religion (Art. 18).” U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.4 (1993 Google Scholar). (Cited as Human Rights Committee, General Comment No. 22.)
,United Nations. Human Rights Committee. General Comment No. 24. “Issues Relating to Reservations Made upon Ratification or Accession to the Covenant or the Optional Protocols Thereto, or in Relation to Declarations under Article 41 of the Covenant.” U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.6 (1994 Google Scholar). (Cited as Human Rights Committee, General Comment No. 24.)
,United Nations. Human Rights Committee. General Comment No. 29. “States of Emergency (Article 4).” U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.11 (2001 Google Scholar). (Cited as Human Rights Committee, General Comment No. 29.)
,United Nations. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Human Rights Committee. “Consideration of Reports Submitted By States Parties under Article 40 of the Covenant: Initial Reports of States Parties Due in 1993: Addendum: United States of America.” U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/81/Add.4 (1994 Google Scholar). (Cited as “Initial U.S. ICCPR Report.”)
,United Nations. Official Records of the Third Session of the General Assembly, Part I. Plenary Meetings of the General Assembly. Summary Records of Meetings 21 September – 12 December 1948. Paris: United Nations, 1949 Google Scholar. (Cited as GAOR, Third Session, Summary Records.)
,United Nations. United Nations Conference on the Law of Treaties. First Session, Vienna, 26 March – 24 May 1968. Official Records. Summary Records of the Plenary Meetings and of the Meetings of the Committee of the Whole. U.N. Sales No. E.68.V.7. New York: United Nations, 1969 Google Scholar. (Cited as U.N. Conference on the Law of Treaties, Summary Records.)
,United Nations. Yearbook of the United Nations, 1948–49. U.N. Sales No. 1950.I.II. Lake Success, N.Y.: United Nations Department of Public Information, 1950 Google Scholar. (Cited as Yearbook of the U.N. (1948–49).)
Dijk, Pieter, Hoof, Fried, Rijn, Arjen, and Zwaak, Leo, eds. Theory and Practice of the European Convention on Human Rights. 4th ed. Antwerpen: Intersentia, 2006 Google Scholar.
Hoof, G.J.H.Rethinking the Sources of International Law. Deventer: Kluwer Law and Taxation Publishers, 1983 Google Scholar.
Verdross, Alfred. “Jus Dispositivum and Jus Cogens in International Law.” American Journal of International Law 60 (1966 CrossRef | Google Scholar): 55–63.
Verdross, Alfred. “Forbidden Treaties in International Law: Comments on Professor Garner's Report on ‘The Law of Treaties.’” American Journal of International Law 31 (1937 CrossRef | Google Scholar): 571–77.
Verdross, Alfred, and Koeck, Heribert Franz. “Natural Law: The Tradition of Universal Reason and Authority.” In The Structure and Process of International Law: Essays in Legal Philosophy Doctrine and Theory, ed. Macdonald, R. St. J. and Johnston, Douglas M., 17–50. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1983 Google Scholar.
Villiger, Mark E.Customary International Law and Treaties: A Study of Their Interactions and Interrelations with Special Consideration of the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1985 Google Scholar.
Walden, Raphael M. “Customary International Law: A Jurisprudential Analysis.” Israel Law Review 13 (1978 Google Scholar): 86–102.
Waldock, Sir Humphrey. “Fifth Report on the Law of Treaties.” U.N. Doc. A/CN.4/183 and Add.1–4 (1965–1966). Reprinted in Yearbook of the International Law Commission 1966, vol. II, 1–50. New York: United Nations, 1967 Google Scholar.
Waldock, Sir Humphrey. “Human Rights in Contemporary International Law and the Significance of the European Convention.” In The European Convention on Human Rights, 1–23. London: Stevens and Sons on behalf of the British Institute of International and Comparative Law, 1965 Google Scholar.
Waldock, Sir Humphrey. “Second Report on the Law of Treaties.” U.N. Doc. A/CN.4/156 and Add.1–3 (1963). Reprinted in Yearbook of the International Law Commission 1963, vol. II, 36–94. New York: United Nations, 1964 Google Scholar.
Weeramantry, C.G.Islamic Jurisprudence: An International Perspective. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1988 CrossRef | Google Scholar.
Weeramantry, C.G.. Universalising International Law. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2004 Google Scholar.
Weil, Prosper. “Towards Relative Normativity in International Law?” American Journal of International Law 77 (1983 CrossRef | Google Scholar): 413–42.
Weinberger, Sheila. “The Wimbledon Paradox and the World Court: Confronting Inevitable Conflicts Between Conventional and Customary International Law.” Emory International Law Review 10 (1996 Google Scholar): 397–440.
Weisburd, Arthur M. “Customary International Law: The Problem of Treaties.” Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law 21 (1988 Google Scholar): 1–46.
Weisburd, Arthur M. “A Reply to Professor D'Amato.” Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law 21 (1988 Google Scholar): 473–88.
West's Louisiana Statutes Annotated: Civil Code: Articles 1 to 101. Vol. 1. West Group, 1999 Google Scholar.
White, N. D.The Law of International Organisations. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1996 Google Scholar.
Wolfke, Karol. Custom in Present International Law. 2nd rev. ed. Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1993 Google Scholar.
Zimmermann, Andreas, Tomuschat, Christian, and Oellers-Frahm, Karin, eds. The Statute of the International Court of Justice: A Commentary. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006 Google Scholar.

Metrics

Altmetric attention score

Full text views

Total number of HTML views: 0
Total number of PDF views: 18116 *
Loading metrics...

Book summary page views

Total views: 38585 *
Loading metrics...

* Views captured on Cambridge Core between September 2016 - 18th September 2025. This data will be updated every 24 hours.

Usage data cannot currently be displayed.

Accessibility standard: Unknown

Accessibility compliance for the PDF of this book is currently unknown and may be updated in the future.